Omar al-Bashir
| Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir عمر حسن أحمد البشير | |
 | |
| | |
|---|---|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 16 October 1993 | |
| Vice President | Salva Kiir Mayardit Ali Osman Taha |
| Preceded by | Ahmed al-Mirghani |
| | |
| In office 30 June 1989 – 16 October 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Sadiq al-Mahdi |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| | |
| Born | 1 January 1944 Hosh Bannaga, Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan |
| Political party | National Congress Party |
| Spouse | Fatma Khaldid |
| Religion | Muslim - Sunni |
Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: عمر حسن أحمد البشير, born January 1, 1944) is the current President of Sudan and the head of the National Congress Party. He came to power in 1989 when, as a colonel in the Sudanese army, he led a group of officers in a bloodless military coup who ousted the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi.[1]
In October 2004, al-Bashir's government negotiated an end to the Second Sudanese Civil War, one of the longest-running and deadliest wars of the 20th century, by granting limited autonomy to Southern Sudan. Since then, however, his government has been widely criticised for its role in the Darfur conflict, where ethnic cleansing towards the non-Arab population has led to death tolls between 200,000[2] to 400,000.[3] His rule has led to violent struggles between the Janjaweed militia and rebel groups such as the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) in form of guerilla warfare in the Darfur region. The civil war has resulted in over 2.5 million people being displaced[4], and the diplomatic relations between Sudan and Chad being at a crisis level.[5] In July 2008, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Luis Moreno-Ocampo, accused al-Bashir of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur, and requested that the court issue a warrant for his arrest.[6] If the judges approve the indictment, Omar al-Bashir will be the first sitting head of state to be indicted and prosecuted by the ICC.[7]
Despite the criminal charges, al-Bashir is a candidate in the upcoming 2009 Sudanese presidential election, the first democratic election with multiple political parties participating in nine years.[8][9] His political rival is Vice President Salva Kiir Mayardit, leader of the SPLA.[10]
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Background
Al-Bashir was born on January 1, 1944 in the village of Hoshe Bannaga, Sudan, then part of the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan. He received his primary education there, and his family later moved to Khartoum, where he completed his secondary education. Al-Bashir joined the Sudanese Army at a young age in 1960 and studied at the Egyptian Military Academy in Cairo, as well as graduating from the Sudan Military Academy in Khartoum in 1966.[11] He quickly rose through the ranks and became a paratrooper. Later, al-Bashir served with the Egyptian Army during the October War of 1973 against Israel.[12] He is a native speaker of the Arabic language.
Personal life
Al-Bashir is married to his cousin Fatma Khalid. He also has a second wife named Widad Babiker, who had a number of children with her first husband, Ibrahim Shamsaddin, a member of National Salvation Revolution Council, who died in a helicopter crash. Al-Bashir does not have any children of his own.[13]
Presidency
1989 Military Coup
When he returned to Sudan as a colonel in the Sudanese Army, al-Bashir led a group of army officers in ousting the unstable coalition government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi in a bloodless military coup on June 30, 1989.[1] Under al-Bashir's leadership, the new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level.[14] He then became Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (a newly established body with legislative and executive powers for what was described as a transitional period), and assumed the posts of chief of state, prime minister, chief of the armed forces, and minister of defense.[15] Subsequent to al-Bashir's promotion to the Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation, he allied himself with Hassan al-Turabi, the leader of the National Islamic Front, who along with al-Bashir began institutionalizing Sharia law in the northern part of Sudan. Further on, al-Bashir issued purges and executions in the upper ranks of the army, the banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers and the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists.[16]
Governance
On October 16, 1993, al-Bashir's powers increased when he appointed himself President of the country, after which he disbanded the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation and all other rival political parties. The executive and legislative powers of the council were later given to al-Bashir completely.[17] In the early 1990s, al-Bashir's administration gave the green signal to float a new currency called Sudanese Dinar to replace the battered old Sudanese Pound that had lost 90 per cent of its worth during the turbulent 1980s. He was later elected president (with a five year term) in the 1996 national election, where he was the only candidate by law to run for election[18] and Hassan al-Turabi was elected to a seat in the National Assembly where he served as speaker of the National Assembly "during the 1990s."[19] In 1998, al-Bashir and the Presidential Committee put into effect a new constitution, allowing limited political associations in opposition to al-Bashir's National Congress Party and his supporters to be formed, although these groups failed to gain any significant access to governmental power until the Darfur conflict became a subject. On December 12, 1999, al-Bashir sent troops and tanks against parliament and ousted Hassan al-Turabi, the speaker of parliament, in a palace coup.[20] However, despite receiving international critisism regarding internal conflicts, Omar al-Bashir has managed to achieve economic growth in Sudan.[21] This is because of the drilling and trading with oil from Southern Sudan, with Chinese and Russian firms participating.[22]
Tensions With al-Turabi
In the mid 1990s, a feud between al-Bashir and al-Turabi began, mostly due to al-Turabi's links to Arab militant groups such as al-Qaeda and Hezbollah, as well as allowing them to operate out of Sudan. Even personally inviting Osama bin Laden to the country.[23]
The United States had listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism since 1993[24], mostly due to al-Bashir and Hassan al-Turabi taking complete power in the early 1990s.[25][26] U.S. firms have been barred from doing business in Sudan since 1997.[27] In 1998, the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum was destroyed by a US cruise missile strike because of its alleged production of chemical weapons and links to al-Qaeda.
After being re-elected President of Sudan with a five-year-term in the 1996 election with 75.7% of the votes[28], al-Bashir issued the registration of legalised political parties in 1999 after being influenced by al-Turabi. Rival parties such as Liberal Democrats of Sudan and the Alliance of the Peoples' Working Forces, headed by former Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry, were established and were allowed to run for election against al-Bashir's National Congress Party, however, they failed to achieve significant support, and al-Bashir was re-elected President, receiving 86.5% of the vote in the 2000 presidential election. At the legislative elections that same year, al-Bashir's National Congress Party won 355 out of 360 seats, with al-Turabi as its Chariman. However, after al-Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the president's powers, prompting al-Bashir to dissolve parliament and declare a state of emergency, tensions began to rise between al-Bashir and al-Turabi. Reportedly, al-Turabi was suspended as Chairman of National Congress Party, after he urged a boycott of the President's re-election campaign. Then, a splinter-faction led by al-Turabi, the Popular National Congress Party (PNC) signed an agreement with Sudan People's Liberation Army, which led al-Bashir to believe that they were plotting to overthrow him and the government.[29]
Further on, al-Turabi's influence and that of his party's "'internationalist' and ideological wing" waned "in favor of the 'nationalist' or more pragmatic leaders who focus on trying to recover from Sudan's disastrous international isolation and economic damage that resulted from ideological adventurism."[30] At the same time Sudan worked to appease United States and other international critics by expelling members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad and encouraging bin Laden to leave.[31]
On al-Bashir's orders, al-Turabi was imprisoned based on allegations of conspiracy in 2000 before being released in October 2003.[32] He was again imprisoned in the Kober (Cooper) prison in Khartoum in March 2004. He was finally released on June 28, 2005, in the height of the peace-agreement in the civil war.
Civil War
Sudan had experienced a civil war that raged between the northern and southern halves of the country for over 19 years between the northern Arab tribes and southern Christian tribes, however, the war effectively developed into a struggle between the Sudan People's Liberation Army and al-Bashir's government. The war resulted in millions of southerners being displaced, starved, and deprived of education and health care, with almost 2 million casulties.[33] Because of these actions, various international sanctions were placed on Sudan. International pressure intensified in 2001, however, and leaders from the United Nations called for al-Bashir to make efforts to end the conflict and allow humanitarian and international workers to deliver relief to the southern regions of Sudan.[34] Much progress was made throughout 2003. The peace was consolidated with the official signing by both sides of the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement 9 January 2005, granting Southern Sudan autonomy for six years, to be followed by a referendum about independence. It created a co-vice president position and allowed the north and south to split oil deposits equally, but also left both the north's and south's armies in place. John Garang, the south's peace agreement appointed co-vice president died in a helicopter crash on August 1, 2005, three weeks after being sworn in.[35] This resulted in riots, but the peace was eventually able to continue[36] and allowed the southerners to vote in a referendum of independence at the end of the six year period, which will be in 2011.[37]
Darfur Conflict
Unfortunately, as the conflict in the south of Sudan began to subside, a new conflict had already begun in the western province of Darfur in early 2003. The combination of decades of drought, desertification, and overpopulation are among the causes of the Darfur conflict. The Baggara nomads searching for water have to take their livestock further south, to land mainly occupied by Black African farming communities. [38] The ethnic cleansing towards the non-Arab population by the Janjaweed militia has reportedly reached a death toll between 200,000[39] to 400,000[40], while the Sudanese government has denied this, saying the number of people who are killed in the conflict are less than 10,000.[41]
The Sudanese government has been accused of suppressing information by jailing and killing witnesses since 2004, and tampering with evidence (such as mass graves) to eliminate their probative value.[42][43][44] In addition, by obstructing and arresting journalists, the Sudanese government has been able to obscure much of what has gone on.[45][46][47][48] While the United States government has described the conflict as genocide,[49] the UN has continuously stopped short of using such language.[50] (see List of declarations of genocide in Darfur). In March 2007 the UN mission accused Sudan's government of orchestrating and taking part in "gross violations" in Darfur and called for urgent international action to protect civilians there. After fighting stopped in July and August, on 31 August 2006, the United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 1706 which called for a new 20,600-troop UN peacekeeping force called UNAMID to supplant or supplement a poorly funded and ill-equipped 7,000-troop African Union Mission in Sudan peacekeeping force. Sudan strongly objected to the resolution and said that it would see the UN forces in the region as foreign invaders. The next day, the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region.
The United States Government claimed in September 2004 "that genocide has been committed in Darfur and that the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed bear responsibility and that genocide may still be occurring."[51] Al-Bashir declared that the government had squashed the rebellion in February 2004, but rebels still operate within the region and the death toll continues to rise. On June 29, 2004, U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell met with al-Bashir in Sudan and urged him to make peace with the rebels, end the crisis, and lift restrictions on the delivery of humanitarian aid to Darfur.[52] Kofi Annan met with al-Bashir three days later and demanded that he disarm the Janjaweed.[53]
A high-level technical consultation was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on 11-12 June 2007, pursuant to the 4 June 2007 letters of the Secretary-General and the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, which were addressed to President Omar al-Bashir.[54] The technical consultations were attended by delegations from the Government of Sudan, the African Union and the United Nations.[55]
War Crimes Charges
On 14 July 2008, the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Luis Moreno-Ocampo, alleged that al-Bashir bore individual criminal responsibility for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes committed since 2003 in Darfur.[6] The prosecutor accused al-Bashir of having “masterminded and implemented” a plan to destroy the three main ethnic groups, the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa, with a campaign of murder, rape and deportation. The evidence was submitted to three judges who will decide whether to issue an arrest warrant.[56] If formally charged, al-Bashir would be the first sitting head of state charged by the ICC.[57] Al-Bashir has rejected the charges and said, "Whoever has visited Darfur, met officials and discovered their ethnicities and tribes ... will know that all of these things are lies."[58] Sudan's government has stated that it won't recognize the authority and decisions of the ICC.[59] Al-Bashir also said that he remained unflustered by the accusations. In October 2008 ICC asked the prosecutor for more information to support the charges.[60]
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